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Fasting vs dietary restriction in cellular protection and cancer treatment: from model organisms to patients.

The dietary recommendation for cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, as described by the American Cancer Society, is to increase calorie and protein intake. Yet, in simple organisms, mice, and humans, fasting-no calorie intake-induces a wide range of changes associated with cellular protection, which would be difficult to achieve even with a cocktail of potent drugs. In mammals, the protective effect of fasting is mediated, in part, by an over 50% reduction in glucose and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) levels. Because proto-oncogenes function as key negative regulators of the protective changes induced by fasting, cells expressing oncogenes, and therefore the great majority of cancer cells, should not respond to the protective signals generated by fasting, promoting the differential protection (differential stress resistance) of normal and cancer cells. Preliminary reports indicate that fasting for up to 5 days followed by a normal diet, may also protect patients against chemotherapy without causing chronic weight loss. By contrast, the long-term 20 to 40% restriction in calorie intake (dietary restriction, DR), whose effects on cancer progression have been studied extensively for decades, requires weeks-months to be effective, causes much more modest changes in glucose and/or IGF-I levels, and promotes chronic weight loss in both rodents and humans. In this study, we review the basic as well as clinical studies on fasting, cellular protection and chemotherapy resistance, and compare them to those on DR and cancer treatment. Although additional pre-clinical and clinical studies are necessary, fasting has the potential to be translated into effective clinical interventions for the protection of patients and the improvement of therapeutic index.Oncogene advance online publication, 25 April 2011

1861 US ARMY dietary guidlines

Soldiers should be fed a mixed diet of animal and vegetable substances.

A variety of foods are needed to avoid monotony and increase assimilation.

A healthy diet must conform to the physiological requirements of the season with less animal fats in the summer dietary, and more starch, vegetables, and fruits.

Fresh fruits are always preferable to dry or preserved ones.

Farinaceous vegetables are more nourishing than roots or grasses.

The best soldiers in the world are fed on dark colored bread.

French army dietaries provide nutritious soups made with meat or vegetables.

The woody fibre of the vegetable provides bulk as well as nourishment.

Each company should have at least one educated cook.

Beans, unless thoroughly cooked, are only fit for horses. When half-cooked, they will provoke indigestion and diarrhea.

Ardent spirits are not necessary for health and the soldier is better off without them.

Soldiers must be well fed to bear the fatigues of marching, to encounter unaffected the changes of climate, and to develop a high muscular tone.

ISSN position on meal frequency

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