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GI Joe or Average Joe? The impact of average-size and muscular male fashion models on men's and women's body image and advertisement effectiveness

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Phillippa C. Diedrichs^{, a,} and Christina Lee^a

^a School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia

Received 8 December 2009;

revised 11 March 2010;

accepted 31 March 2010.

Available online 21 May 2010.

Abstract

Increasing body size and shape diversity in media imagery may promote positive body image. While research has largely focused on female models and women's body image, men may also be affected by unrealistic images. We examined the impact of average-size and muscular male fashion models on men's and women's body image and perceived advertisement effectiveness. A sample of 330 men and 289 women viewed one of four advertisement conditions: no models, muscular, average-slim or average-large models. Men and women rated average-size models as equally effective in advertisements as muscular models. For men, exposure to average-size models was associated with more positive body image in comparison to viewing no models, but no difference was found in comparison to muscular models. Similar results were found for women. Internalisation of beauty ideals did not moderate these effects. These findings suggest that average-size male models can promote positive body image and appeal to consumers.

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Claims on dietary and herbal supplements attribute weight loss to several mechanisms including the following:

* Increase of energy expenditure: ephedra, caffeine, guarana, bitter orange, yerba maté
* Increase in satiety: soluble fibers such as guar gum, glucomannan, psyllium
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* Modulation of carbohydrate metabolism: chromium
* Increase of fat excretion: calcium
* Increased water elimination: dandelion, cascara
* Enhancement of mood: St. John's wort

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